Universiti Sains Malaysia(Malay) 马来西亚理科大学(Chinese) | |
Motto | Kami Memimpin |
---|---|
We Lead | |
Type | |
Established | 1 June 1969[1][2] |
Chancellor | His Highness the Raja of Perlis, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail |
Vice-Chancellor | Prof. Datuk Dr. Asma Ismail (4 October 2016)[3] |
Academic staff | 2,206[4] |
Students | 24,375 (2016)[4] |
Undergraduates | 17,306 (2016)[4] |
Postgraduates | 7,069 (2016)[4] |
Location | , |
Campus | Main Campus (Gelugor, Penang) Health Campus (Kubang Kerian, Kelantan) Engineering Campus (Nibong Tebal, Penang) International Medical Programme Campus (Belgaum, India) |
Affiliations | ASAIHL, ACU, FUIW,[5]APUCEN |
Website | www.usm.my |
Universiti Sains Malaysia (acronym: USM) has won the most Entrepreneurial University 2018, in Malaysia and the only Accelerated Programs for Excellence (APEX) government funded Autonomousuniversity in Malaysia.[6][7]
Founded on 1 June 1969 as a statutory body with its own constitution, it is among the oldest institute of higher learning (IHL) in Northern Malaysia. It has three campuses, a main campus on the island of Penang, a health campus in Kelantan, and an engineering campus in Nibong Tebal. There is overseas collaboration with KLE University, India offering the Doctor of Medicine (USM) undergraduate degree. USM plans to open a Global Campus (Kuala Lumpur Campus) located at Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLCE).[8][9] With around 28,300 postgraduate and undergraduate students in 2009,[10] USM is one of the biggest universities in terms of enrolment in Malaysia. The number of lecturers is about 1,479, which leads to a student-lecturer ratio of around 19:1.
- 2Organisation
- 5Schools
- 6Research
- 7Education
- 10Ranking
- 12Partner Institution
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History[edit]
The idea of a university in Penang was first mooted by D. S. Ramanathan in 1959 in the State Assembly and later crystallised when he was nominated chairman of the Penang University Project committee.[11] The acquisition of a piece of land in Sungai Ara was then followed by the ceremonial laying of the foundation stone by the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, Y.T.M Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj on 7 August 1967.
USM was established as a statutory body in 1969 as the second university in Malaysia. It was first known as Universiti Pulau Pinang. The university operated on borrowed premises at the Malayan Teachers' Training College at Gelugor. In 1971, it moved to its present 239-hectare site at Minden (formerly Minden Barracks of the British Far East Command) in Gelugor, 10 kilometres from the city of Georgetown.
There are two other USM campuses: one at Kubang Kerian in Kelantan, known as the Health campus, and the other at Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal in Penang, known as the Engineering campus. The former houses the School of Medical Sciences, the School of Health Sciences and the School of Dental Sciences, while the latter houses the six engineering schools.
Universiti Sains Malaysia teaches in the fields of Pure Sciences, Applied Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Building Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Humanities and Education as well as conducts research.
USM offers courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels to more than 28,000 students. USM has won the Asian Innovation Award in which USM emerged as the only winner from this country.[12][citation needed]
Organisation[edit]
The management of the university is carried out through the executive power of the Board of Directors, made up of members chosen from the university, representatives from government departments and those appointed by the Ministry of Higher Education. There are three Deputy Vice-Chancellors led by the Vice-Chancellor.
Ombudsman[edit]
In August 2011 USM created a new role of Ombudsman to deal with staff issues and protect whistleblowers.[13] The USM Ombudsman is Prof. Dato' Seri Dr. MD. Salleh Yaapar, who is a former staff of the USM and is on a rolling 2-year contract.
Chief Integrity Officer[edit]
In July 2012, following a presentation by the Chief of Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission, the VC of USM promises to create a new role of Chief Integrity Officer to cultivate academic integrity among students, lecturers and staff.[14]The current Chief Integrity Officer is Khairul Anuar Che Azmi, the university’s first ombudsman and is also the Legal Advisor.
Academic programmes[edit]
Twenty four academic schools, 14 centres and 7 units have been established. Of the schools, 12 are applied science and technology-based schools: Civil Engineering, Aerospace Engineering; Chemical Engineering; Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Housing, Building and Planning; Industrial Technology; Medical Sciences; Dental Sciences; Health Sciences; and Pharmaceutical Sciences. The three liberal arts schools are Educational Studies, Humanities, and Social Sciences. The pure science schools are Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Computer Sciences, and Physics, all of which offer courses that are similar to those available in other universities. There is offshore collaboration with KLE University, India offering the Doctor of Medicine(USM) undergraduate degree. This offshore five-year M.D. programme is conducted at the Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (Belgaum), KLE University, Belgaum, India. In India, USM also has a collaboration with the James Lind Institute for conducting Translational Medicine programs.[15][16]
In December 1989, the School of Management was set up, having evolved from the Management program within the School of Social Sciences. As part of its continuing expansion, the university established the School of Computer Sciences and the School of Communication as of March 1995.
In 2008, Professor Maqsudul Alam, set up the Centre for Chemical Biology (CCB)[17] where he became its first Chief Executive Officer and Director, and sequenced the genome for rubber in Malaysia.
The centres and ancillary services include the Centre for Languages and Translation, the National Poison Centre, the Doping Control Centre, the Centre for Archaeological Research Malaysia, the Centre for Educational Technology and Multimedia, the Computer Centre, the Centre for Knowledge, Communication and Technology and the Islamic Centre. There are research centres, namely the Centre for Policy Research, the Centre for Drug Research and the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies. The distance education program offered through the School of Distance Education was adopted by the university in 1971.
The main gate of the main campus
USM is one of five universities in Malaysia that have been identified as research-intensive universities, with the other being University of Malaya, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Campuses[edit]
The Main campus has the name of a German city (Minden) because the campus was built on the territory of the former British Minden Barracks, which themselves were named after the Battle of Minden.
Besides the main campus in Minden, USM has one at Kubang Kerian in Kelantan known as Health Campus and another at Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal in mainland Penang known as Engineering Campus.
Started as a USM hospital in 1982, the Health campus has expanded after the School of Medical Science was moved from the main campus to the present site which is 73 hectares. The School of Medical Science was moved from the main campus in June 1984. There are two other schools in the health campus — the School of Dental Science and the School of Allied Health Sciences.
The Engineering Campus was originally located at Tronoh, Perak, and named Perak Branch Campus (KCP). After operating in the state for 15 years (1986–2001), the Engineering Campus moved to the present site in Nibong Tebal, Penang.
Schools[edit]
USM is the one of the Malaysian public universities to use the term school (in Malay; Pusat Pengajian) instead of the term faculty that is used in other Malaysian public universities.
Technology-based schools[edit]
All located at the Engineering Campus except the School of Housing, Building and Planning (main campus) and The School of Industrial Technology (main campus).
- School of Aerospace Engineering
- School of Civil Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- School of Housing, Building and Planning
- School of Industrial Technology
Liberal arts schools[edit]
All located at main campus, island of Penang.
- School of Arts
- School of Communication
- School of Educational Studies
- School of Humanities
- School of Social Sciences
- School of Management
- School of Languages, Literacies and Translation <http://www.ppblt.usm.my/>
Science Schools[edit]
All located at main campus, island of Penang.
- School of Biological Sciences
- School of Chemical Sciences
- School of Mathematical Sciences
- School of Computer Sciences
- School of Physics
Health Science Schools[edit]
All located at Health Campus, Kelantan except The School of Pharmacy (located in main campus) and Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (located in Bertam outside Penang Island AMDI) which is more commonly referred to using its Malay acronym IPPT (Institut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju) Bertam.
- School of Dental Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI)
Research[edit]
Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra: The main auditorium of USM on the main campus on Penang Island
The Science Fund funding is the main source of R&D for USM. However, to promote research, the university allocates money from its operating funds annually as incentive and for short-term research purposes. External funds, mainly in the form of research grants, awards and consultancies won by individual academic staff members, also feature prominently. There are external sources of funding as well, but these are largely ad hoc and do not, as a rule, result in the development of major research facilities. Some external research links have been established through individual and through institutional networking arrangements.
Research areas[edit]
Research areas at USM include brain and neuroscience, environmental science, aquaculture, biomedical and pharmaceutical studies, natural language processing and computer aided translation, information technology, food technology, polymer science and technology, biotechnology, distance education, geographical information system, structure analysis, materials science, engineering, surface chemistry, and robotic vision. Penang has research facilities for collaborative search, particularly in coastal pollution, mangrove ecosystem and marine aquaculture.
Education[edit]
Graduate studies[edit]
The international office of USM now known as International Mobility & Collaboration Centre or IMCC
USM offers three modes of study for the graduate programmes, i.e., by research, by a combination of coursework and research (mixed mode), or by coursework. In 2009, there were 9,011[18] students in the master’s and doctoral level programmes with 24.9% of them nationals from more than 40 countries. The majority of the foreign students are from other parts of Southeast Asia as well as the Middle East.
Undergraduate studies[edit]
Almost all undergraduate degree programs at the university require a minimum full-time residence of three years. Degrees in engineering, health sciences, pharmacy, medicine and dentistry require minimum periods of study between four and five years. Most undergraduate courses are taught in English, especially in science courses, except for humanities and social science. International students have to demonstrate a level of proficiency in the national language as part of the entrance criteria. However they will be taught as one of compulsory subjects once they enroll as a student.
Other study programmes[edit]
USM has programmes for foreign students, and they can undertake one or two semesters. These students are considered full-time and enjoy the benefits of USM's academic and physical facilities.
The School of Distance Education was established in 1971 to provide opportunities for local working adults to obtain a tertiary qualification. These students are able to undertake undergraduate courses while they are in full-time employment. At present four undergraduate degree programmes are available through distance learning: Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Social Science, Bachelor of Arts, and Bachelor of Management.
Collaboration with Overseas Universities[edit]
The University and the University of Indonesia (UI) collaborates with the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) on SUSS’s BA Malay Language and Literature, University of Glasgow, Institute Technology Bandung (ITB) and many more to come.
Departments[edit]
Library of Universiti Sains Malaysia[19]
Activities[edit]
The football field on USM main campus
USM has facilities for student accommodation, sporting and recreation. The university offers housing for approximately 75% of its students. They are known as student villages or hostels (Desasiswa in Malay), and they are on campus. Cafeterias can be found all around the university area.
USM provides sporting facilities such as archery range, cricket, football field, badminton courts, tennis courts, hockey ground, rugby field, softball, squash courts, and basketball courts. Its ground was used for the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup.
Other activities include cultural activities, leadership programs, community service programs and excellence programs with the co-operation of the Student Advisory and Development Unit, the Sports Unit, the Arts and Cultural Development Unit, Hostel Management. Activities are realised through societies, clubs, sports and cultural activities, motivation workshops and debate competitions. Among others, USM has a jazz orchestra called the USM Jazz Band that is composed of student musicians from various schools in the university.[20]
There are annual activities such as forums, workshops and programs in conjunction with the National Day celebrations such as the Ambang Merdeka Night and the Merdeka Campus Walk, and religious activities such as Qur'an Recitation and Ramadhan Appreciation Month in the holy month of Ramadhan.
Hostels[edit]
The hostels known as student villages or (Desasiswa in Malay) under the property of the University of Science Malaysia are as follows:
- Main Campus
- Aman Damai Fajar Harapan
- Bakti Permai Cahaya Gemilang
- Indah Kembara
- Restu
- Saujana
- Tekun
The names of the hostels indicate a merger between formerly separate hostels. For example, 'Aman Damai Fajar Harapan' was formerly four separate hostels, each having its own administration under a hostel warden ('Penggawa' in Malay) and assistant warden.
- Engineering Campus
- Jaya Lembaran Utama
- Health Campus
- Murni Nurani
Ranking[edit]
The university was ranked 111th in the World University Rankings 2004[21] published by the Times Higher Education Supplement. However, it dropped out of the list of top 200 universities in the world in 2005.In 2019, however, the University placed 601-800th in the World University rankings. It also placed 49th in University Impact Rankings and 151 - 200th in the Young University Rankings.USM's then vice-chancellor Prof Tan Sri Dato' Dzulkifli Abdul Razak said that the addition of new criteria such as the employer survey could have contributed to the sharp drop in the university's integrity: 'Our poor standing could also be attributed to the fact that we are a relatively young university compared to UM which is 100 years old. They have built up a stable reputation in that time.' Prof. Dzulkifli also cited the poor staff-student ratio in Malaysian universities: 'Over the past years we have doubled our intake. USM now has 35,000 students including 28,000 undergraduates but the number of lecturers, about 1,400 has not increased in tandem.'[citation needed]
On 3 September 2008, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) was declared the Apex (Accelerated Programme for Excellence) University by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia. In 2010, USM achieved the position of 123 under the category of Life Sciences and Biomedicine (Times Higher Education QS World University Rankings).
For the 2010 QS Asian University rankings, USM was at 69th[22] place. For particular subjects, the rankings were as below:
Year | Subject | Rank[23] |
---|---|---|
2010 | Arts & Humanities | 58 |
Engineering & Technology | 63 | |
Social Sciences & Management | 37 | |
Natural Sciences | 39 | |
Life Sciences & Medicine | 20 |
On 2015, USM was ranked 87th in Best Global Universities for Engineering of U.S. News & World Report College and University Ranking.[24]
QS World University Rankings[edit]
Year | Rank | Valuer |
---|---|---|
2012 | 326 | QS World University Rankings |
2013 | 355 | QS World University Rankings |
2014 | 401-500 | Academic Ranking of World Universities |
2015 | 309[25] | QS World University Rankings |
2016 | 289[26] | QS World University Rankings |
2017 | 330[26] | QS World University Rankings |
2018 | 264[26] | QS World University Rankings |
2019 | 207[27] | QS World University Rankings |
2020 | 165[26] | QS World University Rankings |
2021 | 100 (targeting) | QS World University Rankings |
Movies and television[edit]
Movies filmed on or near USM's campus include:
- Ali Setan (1985)
- Soalnya Siapa (2002)
- Vennira Iravuggal (2014)
- The Sleep Curse (2017)
Television shows have used USM's campus, including:
- Layang-layang terputus talinya
- Spektra
Partner Institution[edit]
Australia[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
Japan[edit]
Malaysia[edit]
Singapore[edit]
Taiwan[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Universiti Sains Malaysia'.
- ^'Hamzah Sendut: Malay Civilisation'. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^'MPP USM Facebook'.
- ^ abcd'Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Top Universities'. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 26 January 2005. Retrieved 16 April 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^'MALAYSIA: Autonomy for five universities - University World News'. www.universityworldnews.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^'Four more universities get autonomy'. www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^[1][dead link]
- ^[2][dead link]
- ^[3][dead link]
- ^wong chun wai (5 August 2013). 'Community: George Town's first mayor a fiery man Community'. The Star Online. Retrieved 17 July 2015.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^'USM - Universiti Sains Malaysia Official Website - Utama'(PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^USM to set up ombudsman Retrieved on 12/08/11
- ^[4] Retrieved on 22 July 2012
- ^Isa, Mohd. Fairus bin Md. 'USM KOMITED BANTU NEGARA PALESTIN, PERKUKUH JENAMA DI INDIA'. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^'James Lind Institute News & Updates'. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^User, Super. 'Home'. www.ccb.usm.my. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^'BASIC DATA - UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA'.
- ^'Hamzah Sendut Library USM'. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^USM Jazz Band (2016). A Jazzy Mélange. Penang: Pearl Island Brainchild. ISBN978-967-10607-2-8.
- ^World University Rankings 2004
- ^'QS University Rankings: Asia'. Top Universities. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^'QS University Rankings: Asia'. Top Universities. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^'Universiti Sains Malaysia'. U.S. News & World Report.
- ^'Yet again, Malaysian varsities not among world's top'. Yahoo News Singapore. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ abcd'Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Rankings'. Top Universities.
- ^'Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)'. Top Universities. 16 July 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universiti Sains Malaysia. |
![Asasi Di Usm Asasi Di Usm](http://mechanical.eng.usm.my/images/udergraduate/FAQ-PPKMekanik-2.png)
Coordinates: 5°21′25″N100°18′05″E / 5.35694°N 100.30139°E
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Science,_Malaysia&oldid=920974202'
Malaysian and Indonesian are two standardised registers of the Malay language, used in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]
- 4Vocabulary
- 6The influence of English
Perception[edit]
To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia,[7] and vice versa.[8]
The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9] while in Indonesia it is considered a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[10][11] The term 'Malay language' (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as 'Malay'.[16]
In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between 'Malay language' (bahasa Melayu) and 'Indonesian' (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term 'Malay' in common parlance.[17] The term 'Malay' is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, 'Malay' is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as e.g. Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term 'Malay' is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19].
In Malaysia, the terms 'Indonesian Malay' and 'Malaysian Malay' are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malaysian as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, 'Indonesian Malay' usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.[20]Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.
Orthography[edit]
Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their past history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[21] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[22] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.[23]
Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.[24] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel at the beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.[24] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president, Boediono or former minister Mohammad Roem. The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.
Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay standards, a number of minor spelling differences remain, usually for historical reasons. For instance, the word for 'money' is written as wang in Malaysia, but uang in Indonesia, the word for 'try' is written as cuba in Malaysia, but coba in Indonesia, the word for 'because' is written as kerana in Malaysia, but karena in Indonesia, while the word for 'cake' is written as kuih in Malaysia, but kue in Indonesia. One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[25] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.[26]
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and East Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,[27] where the words are pronounced as spelled.[28] and enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Singaporean and Sumatran varieties of Malay.[29][30]
Vocabulary[edit]
Vocabulary differences[edit]
Indonesian differs from Malaysian in the quantity of loanwords from Javanese, Dutch and other languages. For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is 'pejabat pos' (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is 'kantor pos', from the Dutch word for office, kantoor. There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as 'Natal', whereas Malaysia uses 'Krismas', derived from English (or in some cases also 'Natal', due to Indonesian influence). Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Standard Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay 'televisyen' (from English: television) and Indonesian 'televisi' (from Dutch: televisie); the '-syen' and '-si' also prevail in some other words. There are also instances where the Malaysian version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period : compare Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.
Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means 'steel' in Indonesian, in Malaysian it means 'fertiliser'. Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh means 'require' or 'need', in Malaysian, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to 'cunt/cock'. Conversely, where the word 'banci' seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ('census'), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for 'transvestite'.
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).
Vocabulary comparison[edit]
English | Malaysian | Indonesian |
---|---|---|
abolition | pemansuhan | abolisi, penghapusan |
abortion | pengguguran | aborsi, pengguguran(of a fetus) |
abroad | luar negara | luar negeri |
accessibility | kebolehcapaian, ketercapaian | keterjangkauan, ketercapaian, aksesibilitas |
account (bank, bills) | akaun | rekening(from Dutch – only used in banks), akun(used for all meanings of account apart from bank account) |
accountability | kebertanggungjawapan, akauntabliti | akuntabilitas, pertanggungjawaban |
accountant | akauntan | akuntan |
accounting | perakaunan | akuntansi |
accurate | tepat | tepat, akuratinfluenced by Dutch accuraat |
administration | pentadbiran | administrasi |
after | selepas, setelah | setelah(also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions), sesudah, selepas |
afternoon | petang | sore, petang |
agent | ejen, agen | agen |
air force | tentera udara | angkatan udara |
airport | lapangan terbang('airfield' in Indonesian; similar to Dutch vliegveld) | bandar udaraloan translation of the English term, commonly abbreviated as bandara |
Alexandria | Iskandariah | Alexandria, Iskandariyah, a city in Egypt |
Algeria | Algeria | Aljazairfrom Arabic al-Jazā'ir |
alliance | perikatan, persekutuan, pakatan | aliansi(influenced by Dutch alliantie), persekutuan |
alloy | pancalogam, aloi | logam paduan, logam campuran, aloi |
apartment | pangsapuri, rumah pangsa, rumah kondo(only for 'condominium') | apartemen(influenced by Dutch appartement), rumah susun (rusun) (public housing for poor families), kondominium |
application (software) | perisian penggunaan, aplikasi | perangkat lunak, aplikasi |
architecture | seni bina | arsitektur(influenced by Dutch architectuur) |
archive | arkib | arsipfrom Dutch archief |
area | kawasan | daerah, area, kawasan |
armed forces | tentera | tentara, angkatan bersenjata |
army | tentera darat | angkatan darat |
assembly | majlis, perhimpunan(from the root verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble') | majelis, himpunan, perhimpunan |
assets | aset | harta, aset, aktiva(from Dutch activa) |
association | persatuan | asosiasi(from Dutch associatie), persatuan, perkumpulan |
assumption | andaian, anggapan | asumsi, anggapan, dugaan |
astronaut | angkasawan | astronaut, antariksawan |
Athens | Athens | Athena(influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina) |
athletics(sport) | olahraga('sport' in Indonesian) | atletik |
auction | lelongfrom Portuguese leilão | lelangalso from Portuguese leilão |
August | Ogos | Agustusfrom Dutch augustus |
auntie | makcik(also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia), emak saudara, ibu saudara | bibi, tantefrom Dutch |
autobiography | autobiografi | autobiografi, otobiografi is a nonstandard spelling |
automatic | automatik(formerly otomatik) | otomatis(derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch) |
autonomy | autonomi | otonomi (self-governing) |
awkward | janggal, kekok (of gesture) | aneh, janggal, canggung, kikuk (of gesture) |
backpack | beg sandang(lit. 'sling bag') | ransel(from Dutch), tas punggung |
backstage (of a theater or studio) | belakang tabir | belakang layar(lit. 'back screen/behind the screen'), belakang panggung |
bag | beg | tasfrom Dutch |
baseband | jalur asas | pita dasar |
basin (wash basin/sink) | besen | wastafel(from Dutch, lit. washing table) |
basket (ball) | keranjang | bola basket |
basket (in general) | bakul | keranjang |
because | kerana, sebab | karena, sebab |
bed | katil | matrasinfluenced by Dutch matras, tempat tidur, ranjang, kasur |
Belgium | Belgium | Belgiainfluenced by Dutch België |
Belgrade | Belgrade | Beograd |
belt (of a seat) | tali keledar | sabuk, ikat pinggang |
bicycle | basikal | sepeda(influenced by French velocipede) |
bill (legislation) | rang undang-undang | rancangan undang-undang, legislasi |
billboard | papan iklan | balihosupposedly from English ballyhoo (in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss) papan iklan, papan reklamefrom Dutch reclame (advertisement) |
billion | seribu juta, bilion | miliar(from Dutch miljard), milyar (informal but frequently used) |
binary | perduaan | biner(from Dutch binaire) |
bishop | biskop, bisyop | uskup |
board (company) | lembaga'agency' in Indonesian | dewan |
border | sempadan | perbatasan |
bonnet, hood (of a car) | bonet, bumbung, hud | kapfrom Dutch |
boot, trunk (of a car) | but | bagasi |
Britain | Britain | Inggris, Britania (influenced by Dutch Brittannië but rarely used) |
Brussels | Brussels | Brussel(influenced by Dutch) |
Bucharest | Bucharest | Bukarest |
bucket; pail | baldi | emberfrom Dutch emmer |
bus | bas | bus, bisnonstandard, influenced by Dutch pronunciation |
bus station | stesen bas | terminal bus ( frequently pronounced as terminal bis as it is derived from Dutch pronunciation of bus ) |
bus stop | perhentian bas | pemberhentian bus, halte busfrom Dutch bushalte |
business | perniagaan, bisnes | perniagaan(less commonly used), bisnis |
Cairo | Kaherahfrom Arabic Al-Qahirah | Kairo |
Cambodia | Kemboja | Kamboja |
Cameroon | Cameroon | Kamerun |
camp | kem | kamp(reflects Dutch pronunciation) |
campaign | kempen | kampanye(from Dutch campagne (a French loanword)) |
can (to be able) | boleh, dapat | bisa, dapat, |
cancer | kanser, barah | kankerfrom Dutch |
capacitor | pemuat, kapasitor | kondensator, kapasitor |
capital city | ibu negara | ibu kota |
car | kereta (means carriage in Indonesian, commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api, which means train. Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage) | mobil(from Dutch/mid-English automobile) |
card | kad | kartufrom Dutch kaart |
career | kerjaya, karier | karier |
Caribbean | Caribbean | Karibia |
carrot | lobak merah | wortelfrom Dutch |
case | kes | kasus, hal |
cash | wang tunai | uang tunai, kas |
cashier | juruwang | kasir, from Dutch kassier juru uang(rare) |
cavalry | pasukan berkuda | pasukan berkuda, kavaleri |
cement | simen | semen |
censor | tapisan(means 'filter' in Indonesian) | sensor |
census | banci(means 'transvestite' in Indonesian) | sensus, cacah, banci(virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI) |
centipede | lipan | kelabang, lipan |
central | pusat | pusat, sentral, tengah |
chaos (theory) | teori kekacauan | teori kekacauan |
chilli | cili, lada('pepper' in Indonesian), cabai(used in the northern states of Malaysia) | cabai, lombok |
China | China | Tionghoa(standard term for Chinese people), Tiongkok(Republik Rakyat Tiongkok: official name of the People's Republic of China), Cina(standard, still in common use but discouraged due to racist connotations. See Shina for further information.), China(nonstandard) |
Christmas | Krismas, Natal | Natalfrom Portuguese |
cinema | panggung wayang bergambar (more popularly abbreviated aspawagam), panggung wayang | bioskopfrom Dutch bioscoop |
circuit | litar | sirkuit |
city | bandar, bandaraya(big city), kota | kota, bandar(a coastal or port city in Indonesian) |
civil | awam(In Indonesian, it means 'non-expert'), sivil | sipil |
claim | tuntutan(means 'sue' in Indonesian) | klaim |
clarification | klarifikasi, penjelasan, penjernihan(to make something, e.g. water, clear in Indonesian) | klarifikasi, penjelasan |
clause (legal) | fasal(equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal) | ayat, klausul |
club (association) | kelab | klub, perkumpulaninfrequent |
coach (carriage) | koc | gerbong |
coat | kot | jasfrom Dutch jas |
cockroach | lipas | lipas, kecoafrom the Chinese Min Nan ka chuah |
coin | syilingfrom English shilling | keping |
college | kolej, maktab | kampus, kolese, kolegium |
Cologne | Cologne | Köln, Koeln |
Colombia | Colombia | Kolombia |
comment | ulasan, komen | ulasan(can also mean review, interpretation or comment), komentar(from Dutch commentaar) |
commission | suruhanjaya | komisi(from Dutch commissie) |
commissioner | pesuruhjaya | komisaris(from Dutch commissaris), komisioner |
committee | jawatankuasa | komite panitia |
commonwealth | komanwel | persemakmuran |
Comoros | Comoros | Komoro |
company | syarikat | perusahaan, firma, maskapai(from Dutch maatschappij – almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies, i.e. maskapai penerbangan) |
compiler | penyusun | penyusun, kompilator |
complaint | aduan | aduan, keluhan, komplain |
conclusion | kesimpulan; konklusi (rare) | kesimpulan, konklusi(from Dutch conclusie) |
condensation | pemeluwapan, pengembunan, pencecairan | kondensasi(from Dutch condensatie), pengembunan |
conference | persidangan | konferensi(from Dutch conferentie), sidang |
confirmation | pengesahan | konfirmasi, pengesahanof a document, kepastianof a decision |
conflict | pertikaian | konflik, pertentangan, pertikaian |
Congo | Congo | Kongo |
conservation(movement) | pemuliharaan, konservasi (rare) | konservasi, pelestarian (of animals and plants) |
constitution of a country | perlembagaan | undang-undang dasar(influenced by Dutch grondwet ('basic law')), konstitusi(from Dutch constitutie) |
construction | pembinaan | pembangunan (of building), pembinaan (of moral), konstruksi(from Dutch constructie) |
consumption | perbelanjaan | konsumsi(from Dutch consumptie), pemakaian, penggunaan |
contamination | pencemaran | pencemaran, kontaminasi |
continuous | selanjar | berkesinambungan, berlanjut, kontinu |
conversion | penukaran(means 'exchange' in Indonesia) | konversi(from Dutch conversie), perubahan |
corporation | perbadanan | korporasi(from Dutch corporatie), badan usaha, perusahaan |
corruption | rasuah, korupsi (rare) | korupsi(from Dutch corruptie), rasuah(non-standard) |
Costa Rica | Costa Rica | Kosta Rika |
counter | kaunter | loketfrom Dutch, konter/kaunternon-standard |
country | negara | negara, negeriin Malaysia, negeri usually refers to a state within a federation |
court | mahkamah | pengadilan, mahkamah |
cracker | keropok | kerupuk |
criminal | jenayah | penjahat, kriminal, ahli pidana(ahli pidana is criminal law expert) |
Croatia | Croatia | Kroasia |
crucial | genting | krusial, penting, genting |
Cuba | Cuba | Kuba |
cupboard | almari(from Portuguese armário) | lemarialso from armário |
current (adjective, of time) | semasa | saat ini, kini, terkini, aktual(from Dutch actueel) |
current affairs | hal ehwal semasa | aktualitas, peristiwa terkini |
curtain | langsir(means train wagon arrangement in Indonesian), tirai | tirai(used for all meanings apart from house curtain), gorden(of a house; from Dutch gordijn) |
customs (authority) | kastam | pabeanrefers to the administrative institution, bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax, duty |
cute | comel | imut, menggemaskan, lucu |
Cyprus | Cyprus | Siprus |
Czech Republic | Republik Czech | (Republik) Ceko |
dandruff | kelemumur | ketombe |
December | Disember | Desember(influenced by Dutch december) |
decimal | perpuluhan(means tithe in Indonesian) | desimal(from Dutch decimale), persepuluhan(rare) |
decree | dekri | surat keputusan, dekrit(from Dutch decreet) |
degree (of temperature) | darjah | derajat |
delicious, tasty | lazat, sedap, enak | lezat, enak, sedap |
democratic | demokratik | demokratis(from Dutch demokratisch note: 'democratic republic' (in country names) translates as republik demokratik, such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) |
department | jabatan('occupation' in Indonesian) | departemen, jurusan(for department in university) |
departure | pelepasan | keberangkatan, kepergian |
depression (psychological) | kemurungan(means 'sadness' in Indonesian) | depresi(from Dutch depressie) |
deputy | timbalan | wakil, deputi, timbalan(rare) |
design | reka bentuk | desain, kerangka bentuk, rancangan |
detail | terperinci | detail, detil (nonstandard), perincian, rinci(nonstandard) |
dialect | loghat | dialek, logat |
detection | pengesana | pelacakan, deteksi |
different – difference | beza, berbeza – perbezaan | beda, berbeda – perbedaan |
diocese | kawasan uskup, keuskupan | keuskupan |
director | pengarah | direkturfrom Dutch (and French) directeur, sutradara (of a film) from Sanskrit (through Javanese), pengarah(for an event) |
discount | diskaun, rebat, potongan harga | diskon, rabat, potongan harga, kortingfrom Dutch, less frequent |
discussion | perbincangan, diskusi | pembicaraan, perbincangan, diskusi(from Dutch discussie) |
disinfectant | penyahjangkit | disinfektan, sucihama |
domestic | dalam negara | dalam negeri, domestik |
driver | pemandu means guide in Indonesian | sopirfrom French chauffeur through Dutch, pengemudiformal |
driver's license (U.S.) driving licence (UK) | lesen memandu | surat izin mengemudi (SIM) |
drugs (illegal) | dadah(colloquial use in Indonesia means 'goodbye') | narkoba(an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal drugs)), NAPZA(less frequent – an acronym for NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif (narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical substances)) |
Dutch East Indies | Hindia Timur Belanda | Hindia-Belanda |
duty (economics) | duti, cukai | bea, cukai |
e-mel | surel(standard, shortened of surat elektronik (electronic mail)), email (rarely used in everyday spelling, often used in online spelling (e.g. website-based registration or social account)) | |
Easter | Easter, Paskahstrictly used for Jewish Passover | Paskahfrom Portuguese Pascoa |
Ecuador | Ecuador | Ekuador |
editor | penyunting | editor, penyunting, redaktur(from French rédacteur through Dutch – refers to editors of mass printed media) |
editorial (board) | kakitangan editorial | redaksi(from Dutch redactie),editorial |
effectiveness | keberkesanan | keampuhan, keefektifan, efektivitas(from Dutch effectiviteit) |
efficiency | kecekapan | efisiensi, kedayagunaan, kemangkusan |
Eid ul-Fitr | Hari Raya Aidilfitri | Hari Raya Idulfitri – Idul Fitri nonstandard spelling, but common, Lebarancolloquial – from Javanese |
eight | lapanused as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesian | delapanused in Malaysia before the spelling reform |
elasticity (economy) | keanjalan | bingkas, elastisitas |
electricity | tenaga elektriklit. electric energy | listrik, kelistrikan, setrum(from Dutch stroom) |
embargo (political) | sekatan(means 'obstacle' or 'room which separated with partition' in Indonesian) | boikot, embargo |
emergency | kecemasan(used for anxiety or 'too anxious' (condition) in Indonesian) | darurat(from Arabic – also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency), kegawatan |
emperor | maharaja | kaisar(from Dutch keizer), maharaja(from Sanskrit) |
empire | empayar | kekaisaran, imperium |
enamel | enamel | email(from Dutch emaille) |
energy | tenaga | energi, tenaga(for 'power') |
engine | enjin | mesin, motor |
England | negeri Inggeris | Inggris |
eraser | getah pemadam | penghapus |
erosion | hakisan | pengikisan, erosi(from Dutch erosie) |
escalator | tangga gerak | tangga berjalan, eskalator |
estimation | jangkaan, anggaran | perkiraan, dugaan, estimasi |
Ethiopia | Habsyahfrom Arabic الحبشةal-habsha (Abyssinia) | Etiopia |
Europe | Eropah | Eropa, Europa(nonstandard) |
evacuation | pemindahan(means 'translocation' or 'relocation' in Indonesian) | pengungsian, evakuasi(from Dutch evacuatie) |
evaluation | penilaian | penilaian, evaluasi(from Dutch evaluatie) |
evening | teja | sore petang |
excess | lebihan | kelebihan, berlebihan, ekses |
excretion | perkumuhan | ekskresi, pembuangan kotoran |
execution (death sentence) | hukuman mati | eksekusi(from Dutch executie), (peng)hukuman mati |
exhaust (pipe) | ekzos | knalpot(from Dutch, in which it also means 'muffler') |
exploration | penjelajahan, eksplorasi | eksplorasi, penjelajahan |
export | eksport | ekspor |
expose | pendedahan | paparan, ekspos, pendedahan (virtually never used in Indonesia, listed by KBBI) |
extinct | pupus | padam(of flame or light), punah(of species), pupus(loss of hope) |
faculty | fakulti | fakultas, fakulteit(obsolete, from Dutch) |
facility | kemudahan, fasiliti | kemudahan, fasilitas |
faction (politics) | puak | faksi, fraksifrom Dutch fractie |
factory | kilang('refinery' in Indonesian) | pabrikfrom Dutch fabriek |
fan (fanatic) | peminat | penggemar, fansinformal, from English; Indonesians always use the plural form |
federal | persekutuan | federal |
federation | persekutuan(related to 'alliance' in Indonesian) | federasifrom Dutch federatie, serikat |
fermentation | fermentasi, peragian | fermentasi, peragian, penapaian |
financial | kewangan | keuangan, finansialfrom Dutch financieel |
Finland | Finland | Finlandia |
firefighter squad | bomba | pemadam kebakaran(lit. fire extinguisher), branwir(from Dutch brandweer (fire defense)) |
flash drive | pemacu kilat | penggerak kilat |
floor, level (storey) | tingkatmay be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys/levels a building has, e.g. a 5-storey building = gedung bertingkat 5, or to emphasize British floor numbering, e.g. tingkat satu means first floor (UK), second floor (US) in both languages, aras(used to emphasize American floor numbering, e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu | lantaialso refers to floor as ground surface in both languages, emphasizes American floor numbering, tingkatemphasizes British floor numbering, e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu |
football | bola sepak | sepakbola |
force (physics) | daya | gaya |
form (document) | borang | formulirfrom Dutch formulier, borang(nonstandard) |
free (of charge) | percumameans 'worthless' in Indonesian | gratisfrom Dutch, cuma-cuma, cecuma(nonstandard) |
fungus | kulat, fungus | fungi |
furniture | perabot rumah, perkakas rumah(In Indonesian, perkakas means equipment) | mebelfrom Dutch meubelen, perabot rumah tangga, furnitur |
fusion | pelakuran | fusi, penggabungan, peleburan |
gangster | samseng | geng, premanfrom Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man), gangsterfrom English |
garage | garaj | garasiinfluenced by Dutch pronunciation |
garrison | garrison | garnisunfrom Dutch garnizoen |
gear | gear | roda gigiinfluenced by Dutch tandwiel, lit. 'tooth wheel' |
gearbox | kotak gear | persnelingfrom Dutch versnelling, girboks, transmisi |
general (military) | jeneral | jenderalfrom Dutch generaal |
ginger | halia | jahe |
Global Positioning System | Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat | Sistem Pemosisian Global |
goal keeper | penjaga gol/penjaga gawang | kiper, penjaga gawang |
golf club (stick) | kayu golf | stik golf, pemukul golf, tongkat golf |
government | kerajaan derived from raja (king) – used in Malaysia and Brunei – in Indonesian means 'kingdom' | pemerintah derived from perintah (order/instruction) – also used in Singapore, which, like Indonesia, is a republic |
governor | gabenor, Yang di-Pertua Negeri(in Malaysian states) | gubernurfrom Dutch gouverneur |
gradation | pemeringkatan | gradasi, pemberian tingkat (pemeringkatan) |
graduate | siswazah, sarjana | lulusan, sarjana |
grandfather | datuk | kakek |
Greece | Greeceof recent use, Yunani | Yunanifrom Arabic Yūnānيُونَان |
gross financial | kasar | brutofrom Dutch, kasar |
group | sekumpulan, kumpulan | kelompok, grupfrom Dutch pronunciation of groep, (per)kumpulan, (per)himpunan |
guarantee | jaminan | jaminan, garansifrom Dutch pronunciation of garantie |
half past one | pukul satu setengah(one thirty) | pukul setengah dua(thirty to two) |
hammer | tukul | palu, martilfrom Portugue martelo |
Handball | bola baling | bola tangan |
head office | ibu pejabat'ibu' also means 'mother' or 'ma'am' in both languages | kantor pusat'kantor' – from Dutch kantoor (office) |
headscarf, hijab | tudung | kerudung, jilbabthough these words have different meanings |
healthy | sihat | sehat |
herb | herba | jamuoften understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes, also means 'guest' ('tamu') and 'treat the guest' ('menjamu'), herbal |
hexadecimal | perenambelasan | heksadesimal |
hospital | hospital | rumah sakitinfluenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ('house of the sick') – This term is still used in Brunei, but in Malaysia, 'hospital' has replaced the term completely since the 1960s |
Hungary | Hungary | Hungaria, Hongariasubstandard, influenced by Dutch Hongarije |
hybrid (biology) | kacukan hibrid | hibrida |
I | saya, aku | saya, aku, gue/gua(slang; from Chinese dialects 'ua') |
ice | ais | es |
Iceland | Iceland | Islandia |
image | citra, imej(of reputation), gambar(pictorial image) | citra(of reputation), gambar(pictorial image) |
imagination | imaginasi | imajinasi, khayalan |
immigration | imigresen | imigrasifrom Dutch immigratie |
import | import | impor |
impotence | mati pucuk, impotensi, lemah syahwat | impotensifrom Dutch impotentie, lemah syahwatcolloquial |
impotent | kemandulan | impotensi, kemandulan |
incineration | penunuan | insinerasi |
Indian Ocean | Lautan Hindi | Samudra Hindia |
inductor | peraruh, induktor (rare) | induktor |
information | maklumat | informasi, from Dutch informatie, peneranganrare |
injection (noun) | suntikan | suntikan, injeksi |
ink | dakwatfrom Arabic | tintafrom Dutch tinte, dawat(archaic) |
installment (payment) | ansuran | angsuran, cicilan |
instant | segera(means 'soon' in Indonesia) | seketika, instan |
insurance | insurans | asuransifrom Dutch assurantie |
intelligence(spying) | risikan(means 'secret investigation' in Indonesia) | intelijen, tilik sandi |
international | antarabangsa | internasional, mancanegarafrom Javanese meaning: foreign land) |
internet café | kafe internet, kafecyber | warneta portmanteau for 'warung internet' (lit. internet shop) |
intervention | campur tangan, intervensi | campur tangan, intervensi |
introspection | kaji diri, introspeksi (rare) | introspeksi, mawas diri |
invasion | penyerangan, penjajahan(means colonialism in Indonesian), invasi | invasi |
investment | pelaburan | investasi, penanaman modal |
Iraq | Iraq | Irak |
Ireland | Ireland | Irlandia |
irrigation | pengairan | irigasi, pengairan |
Italy | Itali | Italiafrom Italian |
Japan | Jepunfrom Portuguese Japão | Jepang, Jepun(archaic) |
Jordan (country) | Jordan | Yordaniafrom Dutch Jordanië |
journalist | wartawan | wartawan, jurnalis |
July | Julai | Julifrom Dutch juli |
June | Jun | Junifrom Dutch juni |
ketchup | kicap (Indonesian equivalent, kecap, means soy sauce) | saus tomatfrom French sauce tomate |
lane | lorong(means alley in Indonesian) | lajur |
lawyer | peguam | advokatfrom Dutch advocaat, pengacara(means 'master of ceremonies' in Malay) |
Lebanon | Lubnanfrom Arabic | Lebanon, Libanoninfluenced by Dutch |
legislative | perundangan(In Indonesian, it means legislation), legislatif | legislatif |
liability | liabiliti | kewajiban |
licence | lesen | izin, lisensifrom Dutch licentie |
lieutenant | leftenan(influenced by British English pronunciation) | letnan |
lift, elevator | lif | lift |
liquidity (economy) | kecairan | likuiditas |
Lisbon | Lisbon | Lisboafrom Portuguese, Lisaboninfluenced by Dutch Lissabon |
list | senarai | daftar, senarailess common |
local | tempatan | lokal, setempat |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Luksemburginfluenced by Dutch/German Luxemburg |
Macau | Macau | Makau |
Macedonia, Republic of | Republik Macedonia | Republik Makedonia |
magistrate | majistret | hakimfrom Arabic حَكِم – used in Malaysian to refer to judges, magistratless common |
Maldives | Maldives | Maladewa |
male | lelaki, laki-laki, jantan(for animals, depending on the context, it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men) | laki-laki, pria, lelaki, jantan(on animals, used on men to describe masculinity) |
malfunction | kerosakan, malfungsi, pincang tugas | kerusakan, malafungsi |
malpractice | penyelewengan(means 'misappropriation' in Indonesian) | malapraktik |
management | pengurusan | manajemen, pengurusan(rare) |
manager | pengurus | manajer, pengurus |
manufacturing | pengilangan | manufaktur |
March (month) | Mac | Maretinfluenced by Dutch maart |
mass | jisim | massa |
mathematics | matematik, ilmu hisab | matematika, ilmu hitung, ilmu hisabonly used in Islamic text books |
matter | jirim | materi |
mattress | tilam | kasur, matras, tilam |
mean (verb) | bererti | berarti |
mediation | pengantaraan(In Indonesian, it means 'broking') | mediasi |
medicine | ubat | obat |
memory card | kad ingatan/kad memori | kartu memori |
mental arithmetic | congak | aritmetika cepat, congak |
Mexico | Mexico | Meksiko |
mile | batu(means 'stone' in Indonesian, from Sanskrit) | mil |
military | tentera, ketenteraan, militari | militer(from French militaire through Dutch militair), kemiliteran, ketentaraan |
minibus | bas mini | bis mini, minibus |
minute | minit | menit |
mobile phone, cellphone | telefon bimbit | telepon seluler (ponsel), telepon genggam |
Monaco | Monaco | Monako |
Monday | Isnin | Senin |
money | wang, duit | uang, duit(colloquial) |
Morocco | Maghribifrom Arabic | Maroko |
mortgage | gadai janji | hipotekfrom Dutch hypotheek, gadai |
Moscow | Moscow | Moskwa, Moskow |
motorcycle | motosikal | sepeda motorlit. 'motorized bicycle' – influenced by Dutch motorfiets, motor(informal) |
Mozambique | Mozambique | Mozambik |
Mrs. | Puan | Ibu, Nyonya (Ny.) |
music | muzik | musik |
naked | bogel, telanjang | telanjang, bugil(colloquial) |
natural | semulajadi | alami, natural |
navigation | pandu arah, navigasi | navigasi |
navy | tentera laut | angkatan laut |
negotiation | perundingan | perundingan, negosiasi |
network | rangkaian(means circuit in Indonesian) | jaringan, jejaring |
New Zealand | New Zealand | Selandia Baru |
newspaper | surat khabarcoined from two Arabic words: ṣūrat – صورة / صورت (form, appearance) and khabarخبر (news) | surat kabar(more formal – lit. news letter), koran(from French courant through Dutch, Krant in modern Dutch, but Koerant in Afrikaans) |
Nicosia | Nicosia | Nikosia |
nil | nil | nolfrom Dutch nul |
noisy | bising, kecohin Indonesian means 'disturb' or 'distract', memekak | berisik, ribut, ramai, bising |
Norway | Norway | Norwegia |
number | nombor | angka, nomor – nomersubstandard spelling from Dutch/German nummer |
nurse | jururawat | perawat, susterfrom Dutch zuster, only for female nurse |
ocean | lautan | samudra, lautanrarely used in formal situation |
Oceania | Oceania | Oseania |
octal | perlapanan | oktal |
office | pejabat | kantor(from Dutch kantoor) |
officer | pegawai, kaki tangan(a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian) | pejabat |
official (adj.) | rasmi(from Arabo-Persian rasmiرَسمِي) | resmi(also from rasmi) |
Olympic | Olimpik | Olimpiade |
opposition | pembangkang(means 'defiance' in Indonesian) | oposisi |
option | pilihan, opsyen (rare) | pilihan, opsi |
orange (colour) | jingga, oren | jingga, oranye(from Dutch oranje) |
orange (fruit) | oren, limau | jeruk, limau |
order (instruction) | order, perintah | perintah |
organization | pertubuhan, organisasi | organisasi |
oscillation | ayunan | osilasi, ayunan |
oven | ketuhar | oven |
Pacific Ocean | Lautan Pasifik, Lautan Teduh | Samudra Pasifik |
Palestine | Palestin | Palestina |
papaya (fruit) | (buah) betik | (buah) pepaya |
Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | Papua Nugini |
parallel | selari | paralel |
parliament | parlimen | parlemen(from Franco-Dutch parlement) |
party (political) | parti | partai (from Dutch partij) |
passport | pasport | paspor |
patient | pesakit means convict in Indonesian | pasien |
patrol | ronda | patroli (for police and military) (from Dutch patrolie), ronda (for civilian) |
pavement, sidewalk | jalan pinggir, jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki, laluan jalan kaki, kaki lima(In Indonesia, it is used in pedagang kaki lima (street vendor)) | trotoar(from Franco-Dutch trottoir) |
penis | zakarfrom Arabic ذَكَر 'male'- this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian, 'buah zakar' means testicles, batang lelaki, konek(slang) | penis(formal), zakar from Arabic, less frequent, pelir, alat kelamin laki-laki(euphemism), kemaluan lelaki(euphemism), burung(vulgar), titit(children's slang like 'pee-pee'), kontol(slang, extremely vulgar) |
percent | peratus | persen, perseratus(less common, usually used when compared per mille) |
perfume | haruman, minyak wangi | parfumfrom Dutch, minyak wangi |
periodic | berkala | berkala, periodik |
Persia | Parsi | Persia |
pharmacy | farmasi | apotek(from Dutch apotheek), farmasi(usually for medicine manufacturers) |
photograph | gambar(In Indonesian, it means 'picture' or 'figure'), foto | foto(lit.photo) potret |
physics | fizik(Indonesian equivalent term, fisik, is used for term physical, e.g. aktivitas fisik [physical activity]) | fisika |
pickpocketnoun | penyeluk saku | copet(portmanteau of colong dompet, 'wallet thief'), pencopet |
pig, swine | khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير(khin-zeer) | babi |
pipe | paip | pipa |
pirate (maritime) | lanun | bajak laut, perompak(perompak in Malay, means 'robber'), lanun(archaic) |
platform (train) | platform | peronfrom Dutch perron |
Poland | Poland | Polandia |
police | polis(means 'insurance policy' (polis asuransi) in Indonesian) | polisifrom Dutch politie |
pollution | pencemaran | pencemaran, polusi |
portion | sebahagian | porsi, sebagian(a portion of...) |
post code | poskod | kode pos |
potential | keupayaan | potensial, daya berkemampuan |
Prague | Prague | Praha(also used in Malay) |
prayer (Islam) | solat, sembahyang | salat(standard), shalat, sholat(from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's'), sembahyang |
prayer room (Islam) | surau | surau, musala, mushollah(from Arabic, 'sh' is usually pronounced as 's') |
precipitation (meteorology) | kerpasan | curah hujan, presipitasi |
prediction | ramalan | prediksi, ramalan, prakiraan(not perkiraanestimation) |
pregnant | mengandung, hamil(formal, from Arabic حَامِل), berbadan dualit. 'two bodied', buntingfor animals | mengandung(formal), hamil(colloquial), berbadan dua(poetic), bunting(informal) |
premature | pramatang | prematur, dini |
Preparation | Penyediaan | Persiapan |
preposition | kata sendi nama | preposisi, kata depan |
press | media massa, surat khabar(see above) | pers(from Dutch), media massa |
Private Limited Company | Sendirian Berhad abbreviated as Sdn Bhd(suffix), 'sendirian' alone means 'alone' | Perseroan Terbatas abbreviated as PT(prefix) |
privatization | penswastaan | privatisasi, swastanisasi, penswastaan |
producer | produsen | produsen, penghasil |
product | keluaran | produk(from English and Dutch product), hasil, keluaran(more specific term for outcome) |
programming (computer) | pemrograman | pemrograman |
property (?) | harta | properti |
propulsion | perejangan | propulsi, pendorong, penggerak |
prostitute | pelacur, perempuan sundal(vulgar) | pelacur, Wanita Tuna Susila (WTS)(Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e. 'moral-less women'), Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK)(formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)), perek(slang) |
prostitution | pelacuran | prostitusi, pelacuran |
province | wilayah(used in Indonesian to mean 'area'), daerah(used in Indonesian to mean 'area') | provinsi(from Dutch provincie) |
publication | penerbitan | penerbitan, publikasi, terbitan |
pulse | denyut | denyut, pulsa |
push, to (door) | tolak(It used as in tolak peluru (shot put) in Indonesian for this contex, used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics) | dorong(means 'to push' in Malay, but often used to mean 'to support') |
queue (line) | barisan(means line 'formation' in Indonesian) | antre |
rabbit | arnab(from Arabic) | kelinci |
Random-Access Memory (RAM) | Ingatan Capaian Rawak | Memori Akses Acak |
rape | rogol | perkosa |
raspberry | rasberi | frambus, frambosen(from Dutch framboos) |
ratio | nisbah | rasio, nisbah, perbandingan |
Read-Only Memory (ROM) | Ingatan Baca Sahaja | Memori Hanya Baca |
real estate | hartanah | realestat, properti tanah |
receipt | resit, penerimaan | kuitansi, kwitansi(substandard, from Dutch kwitantie), resi, bonfrom Dutch, struk |
recession (economy) | kemelesetan(In Indonesian, it means 'mishit') | resesi, kelesuan (ekonomi) |
reclamation | tebus guna | reklamasi |
recruitment | pergerakan(In Indonesian, it means 'movement'), pengambilan(In Indonesian, it means 'taking') | perekrutan, rekrutmen |
refraction | pembiasan | pembiasan, refraksi |
refrigerator | peti sejuklit. cool box (rarely used in Indonesian) | lemari es, lemari pendingin(lit. cooler closet), kulkas(from Dutch koelkast) |
religion | agama, ugama(widely used before the 80s) | agama, kepercayaan |
renovation | pengubahsuaian | renovasi |
reproduction | pembiakan | reproduksi, pembiakan(also means 'breeding') |
research | kajian (means research or investigation result in Indonesian) | penelitian, riset |
responsibility | tanggungjawab | tanggung jawab, pertanggungjawaban |
resistor | perintang | resistor, hambatan, perintang |
restaurant | kedai makanlit. 'eating shop', restoran | rumah makanlit. 'eating house', warung makanlit. 'eating café', restoran |
retailing | peruncitan | ritel, eceran |
ring (mathematics) | gelanggang | ring, gelanggang |
rob | rompak(Indonesian for 'to commit piracy') | rampok, rampas |
Rome | Rom | Roma |
room | bilik(usually means 'compartment' in Indonesian) | kamar(from Dutch kamer), ruang(Javanese, for storage areas etc.) |
roundabout (traffic) | bulatan e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur pusing keliling(in Brunei) | bundaran e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta |
routing | penghalaan | penghalaan |
royal | diraja | kerajaan(in Malaysia and Brunei means 'kingdom' or 'government') |
rubber | getahmay also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages, also figure of speech for 'cause of bad deed' | karet |
rumour | khabar angin, desas-desus | rumor, desas-desus, kabar angin, kabar burung |
salty | masin | asin, masin(rare) |
Sanskrit | Sanskrit | Sanskerta |
sauce | sos | saus |
sausage | sosej | sosis(from Dutch saucijs) |
scenario | senario | skenario |
school (Islamic) | sekolah pondok | madrasah, pesantren, pondok pesantren |
science | sains | ilmu(from Arabic 'ilm)(alam), sains(especially for 'natural science') |
Scotland | Scotland | Skotlandia |
secret | rahsia | rahasia |
secretary | setiausahaIndonesian lit. 'loyal to work' | sekretaris(from Dutch secretaris) |
section | seksyen, bahagian | seksi(from Dutch sectie), bagian |
sensor | penderia, pengesan, sensor | sensor |
server (computing) | pelayan | server, peladen |
session | sesyen, sesi | sesi(from Dutch sessie) |
sewer | saluran najis'najis' means dirty in both languages, saluran kumbahan | selokan, parit(means 'ditch' in Malay), got, saluran air/pembuangan |
sexagesimal | perenampuluhan | seksagesimal |
shampoo | syampu(from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani chāmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi) चाँप्नाchāmpnā 'to smear, knead the muscles, massage') | sampo |
share (verb) | berkongsi(In Indonesian, it means 'creating trading company' or 'plotting something bad') | berbagi |
shirt | baju(also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes) | kaos, kemeja(from Portuguese camisa, implies collared shirt) |
shoe | kasutgeneralized term for any footwear in Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes, sepatu | sepatu(understood but less frequently used in Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato) |
shop | kedai(Means eateries stall in Indonesia) | toko, warung, kedai |
shopping mall | pusat beli-belah | mal, pusat perbelanjaan |
site (internet) | tapak(means foundation (building) or footprint in Indonesia) | situs |
Slovakia | Slovakia | Slowakia |
snow | salji(from Arabic thalj) | salju(also from thalj) |
sodomy | liwat(from Arabic) | sodomi, liwat(only used in Islamic text books) |
solar | solar, suria(from Sanskrit 'surya') | surya |
solution | penyelesaian, solusi (rare) | solusi, pemecahan, penyelesaian |
sour | masam | asam, masam(poetic, usually used in connotative expressions: bermuka masam: sour faced (dissatisfied/unhappy expression)) |
soya beans | kacang soya | (kacang) kedelai |
Spain | Sepanyol | Spanyol |
speak/talk | berbicara, bercakap(means 'to chat' in Indonesian), bersembang, berborak | berbicara, ngomong(Javanese ngoko, colloquial) |
specialist | perubatan, pakar | spesialis(in case of specialist doctor), pakarin general, it means expert |
spoon | sudu | sendok |
sport | sukan | olahraga(means 'athletics' Malay, from Sanskrit, lit. 'to train the body') |
spouse | pasangan suami-isteri, kelamincolloquial, in Indonesian means 'sex' or 'gender' | pasangan (suami-istri), suami-istri(husband-wife) |
stability | kestabilan | stabilitas, kestabilan |
stadium | stadium | stadion, stadiunfrom Dutch |
staff | kakitangan(phrase 'kaki tangan' means subordinate with negative image in Indonesian) | staf, personilfrom Dutch personeel, pegawai |
stamp | setem | perangko |
standard | piawai, standard | standar patokan |
starfish | tapak Sulaiman | bintang laut |
state (within a federation) | negeri | negara bagian |
station | stesen | stasiun(formerly spelled 'setasiun') |
steering wheel | roda stereng | roda setir(from Dutch stuur) |
stop (verb) | berhenti | berhenti, henti, stop |
strawberry | strawberi | stroberi, arbeifrom Dutch aardbei |
stupid | bodoh, bengap, tolol, bangang, bongok(slang) | bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok(slang), very demeaning in Malay, geblek(slang), bego(slang) |
sublimation(phase transition) | pemejalwapan | sublimasi, penyubliman |
Sunday | Ahad | Minggu(from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord's Day), Ahad (only used in Islamic calendar) |
sunglasses | cermin mata gelap (In Indonesia, cermin means 'mirror') | kacamata hitam(lit. black glasses), kacamata riben(from 'Ray-Ban' brand of sunglasses ) |
supermarket | pasar raya | supermarket, pasar swalayan (lit. self-service market) |
supervision | penyeliaan | pengawasan, penyeliaan, supervisi |
survey | tinjauan(means process or result of observation in Indonesian), kaji selidik | survei |
suspend (hang) | menggantung(means 'hang' in Indonesian) | menangguhkan(also 'adjourn' in Malay) |
Sweden | Sweden | Swedia |
Switzerland | Switzerland | Swiss |
Syria | Syria | Suriah(from Arabic) |
table(set of facts or figures) | jadual(Indonesian equivalent, jadwal, means 'schedule') | tabel |
tank | kereta kebal | tank |
tap water | air paip(piped water) | air keran(from Dutch Kraan), air ledeng('ledeng' also means 'plumbing', from Dutch 'leiding') |
tapioca | ubi kayuas in Indonesian, understood as the tuber cassava itself | (tepung) tapioka, tepung singkong |
taxi | teksi | taksi |
teacher | cikgu, guru | guru |
teacher (religious, Islam) | ustaz, ustad(ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ), ustadzahfemale | ustad, ustadzah |
team | pasukanused in Indonesian to refer to squad (military) | tim |
telephone | telefon(formerly talipon) | telepon |
television | televisyen, TV | televisi(from Dutch televisie) , TV |
terms | terma | syarat |
terrorist | pengganas(means 'rioter' in Indonesian) | teroris |
terrorism | pengganasan | terorisme |
testicles | buah zakar, testis, buah keranjut | testis, biji kemaluan, buah zakar(slang, vulgar), kanjut(slang, vulgar) |
Thailand | Negara Thai, Siam, Thailand | Thailand, Siam, Muangthaiused in old scripts |
The Hague | The Hague | Den Haag(from Dutch) |
ticket | tiket | tiket, karcis(from Dutch kaartje, usually refers to small-size ticket) |
time | masa, waktu | waktufrom Arabic الوقت(al-Waqt), masa(can be used for 'in a specific long period of time' in Indonesian) |
tire (US)/tyre (UK) | tayar | ban(from Dutch [auto]band) |
tofu | tauhu | tahu, tofu |
toilet | bilik air, tandas | toilet, kamar kecil, WC(pronounced 'way-say') for watercloset |
tornado | puting beliung | puting beliung, angin puyuh, tornado |
toothpaste | ubat gigi | pasta gigi, odol |
towel | tuala(from Portuguese toalha) | handuk(from Dutch handdoek) |
traffic jam | kesesakan lalulintas, jam(slang) | kemacetan, macet |
traffic light | lampu isyarat(In Indonesian, isyarat means sign) | lampu lalu-lintas |
train | kereta api, tren | kereta (api) |
transport, transportation | pengangkutan | transportasi, pengangkutan, perhubungan(in case of Ministry of Transportation) |
transsexual | pondan, bapok(slang), transseksual | transseksual, waria(polite) a shortened form of wanita-pria, bencong, banci |
tree | pokokin Indonesian means 'principal' or 'core' or 'staple', in Sundanesepoko means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine, pohon | pohon |
trillion (1012) | trilion | trilyun, triliun(from Dutch pronunciation; starting with 1012, Indonesian uses the short scale) |
try | cuba | coba |
turkey (bird) | ayam belanda | (ayam) kalkun(from Dutch kalkoen) |
turn | pusing(means 'to spin' in Indonesian, commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing), belok | belok, putar |
ugly | hodoh, teruk, buruk | jelek, buruk |
Ukraine | Ukraine | Ukraina |
uncle | pakcik | paman, oom, om(derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt oom) |
union | kesatuan(in Indonesian means 'unitary') | persatuan, uni, serikat |
United Arab Emirates | Emiriah Arab Bersatu | Uni Emirat Arab |
United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Inggris Raya |
United Nations | Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu | Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa |
United States of America (USA) United States (US) | Amerika Syarikat | Amerika Serikat (AS) |
university | universiti | universitas |
until | sehingga(means 'thus' in Indonesian), sampai | hingga, sampai |
vagina | faraj(from Arabic, in Indonesian means 'vulva'), pepek/pepet(slang) | alat kelamin wanita, liang peranakan, vagina, farji, memek(slang, vulgar), pepek(slang, vulgar) |
variable (mathematics) | pemboleh ubah | variabel, peubah |
Vatican City | Vatican City | (Kota) Vatikan |
Venice | Venice | Venesia(influenced by Dutch Venetië) |
verb | kata kerja | kata kerja(influenced by Dutch werkwoord, lit. 'work word'), verba |
verification | pengesahan(means 'validation' in Indonesian) | verifikasi |
very | sangat, amat, sekali | sangat, amat, sekali, banget(from Javanese ngoko) |
vice (deputy) | naib | wakil, naib(less common) |
victim | mangsain Indonesian means 'prey' | korban |
Vienna | Vienna | Wina(influenced by Dutch Wenen) |
violet (colour) | lembayung | violet, ungu, lembayung(rarely used) |
virgin | (anak) dara, (anak) gadis, perawan | perawan(formal), gadis, (anak) dara |
viscosity | kelikatan | viskositas, kekentalan |
visit | lawatan, pelancongan | wisata, kunjungan, pelancongan, lawatan(to foreign country, sick person or dead person) |
volleyball | bola tampar | bola voli |
volume (math) | isi padu | volume, ruang, isi |
voucher | baucer | vocer |
want | mahu | mau, ingin |
warden | warden, penjaga penjara | sipir (penjara)(from Dutch cipier) |
Warsaw | Warsaw | Warsawa |
website | laman web, laman sesawang | situs web, laman web |
weekend | hujung minggu | akhir pekan, akhir minggu |
well (water hole) | perigi | sumur, perigi(rarely used) |
wheelchair | kerusi roda | kursi roda |
when | bila, apabila, ketika, bilamana(rarely used) | kapan, bilamana, (question word) bila, ketika |
window | tingkap, jendela | jendela(from Portuguese janela), tingkap(less common) |
windscreen, windshield | cermin kereta | kaca depan (mobil) |
wire | dawai, wayar | kawat(e.g. copper wire), kabel(e.g. electrical wire, cable) |
you | anda(very formal), awak, kamu, engkau, kau | anda(everyday formal), kamu(familiar only), engkau ('kau)(prose), elu/loe(very vulgar Betawi slang, influenced by Chinese dialect leu) |
zero | sifar | nolfrom Dutch nul |
zipper (fastener) | zip | resletingfrom Dutch ritssluiting |
zone | zon | daerah, zona |
zoo | zoo, taman haiwan(kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s) | kebun binatang(derived from Dutch dierentuin, lit. 'animal garden'), taman margasatwa(more formal form for zoological park) |
False friends[edit]
Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.
Word | Malaysian meaning | Indonesian meaning |
---|---|---|
ahli | a member (of a group) (when the word is used by itself) (from Arabo-Persian 'ahli' اهلی 'belonging to a group, people, indigenous or sim.'), expert in a field (from Arabo-Persian ''aqli' عقلی 'belonging to the intellect or mind, intellectual') | expert in a specific field |
akta(from Latino-Dutch acta) | act (= law) | act (= written legal document) |
awak | you(casual) | me / I (Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays, people in Medan, etc), crew (of transportation) |
baja | fertilizer | steel Malay: besi waja |
banci | census (Indonesian: sensus) | effeminate, transvestite homosexual (negative connotation) |
bandar | city | port |
bangun | to develop/ wake up (from sleep) | to build / wake up (from sleep) |
bapa | Father (male parent) | specific to 'Father' (God) in religious context (Christianity) our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an additional 'k' letter') |
belanja | to treat, giving something for free | to shop (note: also carries this meaning in Malay, though in a context more akin to 'spend'). |
berbagi | to give | to share (something) |
berbual | to chat | to tell a lie |
bercinta | in (the essence of) love | to make love, have sexual intercourse |
beredar | From the root word 'edar' which can means; to oscillate (planets only), to leave, or to distribute | to oscillate, to distribute |
berlaku | happen, occur | apply |
biji | seed | seed, testicles ('balls', offensive) |
bila | when | if, when (older version, almost obsolete) |
bina | to build | to develop |
bisa | venom | can/be able to (also understood but less frequently used in Malay) (same as 'boleh' in Malay), venom |
bontot/buntut | buttock | tail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malay, sometimes in Indonesia) |
budak | kid Indonesian:anak or bocah | slave |
butoh/butuh | male genitals, an offensive reference | need |
cadangan | suggestion, opinion, proposal (example: peti cadangan = suggestion box) Indonesian:saran | reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan = spare tire) |
comel | cute, pretty | (to call) someone who can not keep a secret (example: mulutnya comel = her mouth can't keep a secret) |
daripada | A preposition that carries 5 meanings;
| |
detik | jiffy | second |
doktor | doctor (medical); doctorate (educational title) | doctorate (educational title) In Indonesian, the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter |
duduk | to sit, a place to live on (only used informally) | to sit, to occupy |
electronic mail (recently changed to 'emel') | enamel | |
gampang | bastard from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child. | easy (non-negative meaning) |
getah | rubber, plant sap | plant sap |
hemat | moral excellence | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity, gas or water usage |
jabatan | department | position |
jawatan | position | department |
jemput | to invite, to pick up | to pick up |
jeruk | pickles/preserved fruits or vegetables | orange (fruit) |
jimat | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity | amulet (the Malay equivalent is azimat) |
kacak | handsome | ber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on your hips) The Malay equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy |
kadar | rate | content, level |
kakak | elder sister | elder sibling (either elder brother or sister) |
kakitangan | employee | subordinate (with negative meaning) |
kapan | or kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain kafan/kapan) | when (kapan mau pulang? = when do you want to go home?) |
karya | work of art (karyawan = artists) | to work (karyawan = workers) result of work Karya seni = work of art to create a piece of art. |
kerajaan | government (historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government) | kingdom |
keranjang | 'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other use than for basketball) | basket |
kereta | car | vehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train, kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta gantung = cable car) |
kesal | regret Indonesian:sesal | annoyed |
khidmat | service Indonesian: layanan | fully concentrate |
koneksi | 'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar) | connection Malay: Sambungan |
konfeksi | A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey | clothing industry, any fancy or luxurious women's clothes (Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling sometimes used is: 'konveksi') |
kurun | century | a long (time) |
lucu | funny | funny, cute (slang) |
mangsa | victim | prey (for animal) |
mengacau | to disturb, to stir Indonesian: mengaduk | to disturb |
operasi | mathematic operational symbol, tactical operation | mathematic operational symbol, police operation, operation/surgery (as in Dutch) |
pajak | to mortgage, pawn | tax |
paket | packet | packet, package (normally used for promotion purposes, as in Dutch) |
pantas | speedily | appropriate, 'no wonder' |
pantat | buttock (Sabahan Malay meaning), vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar) | buttock |
pelan | plan (associated with architectural work, site map etc. only) | slow (perlahan in Malay) |
penyelenggaraan | maintenance | organizing |
pejabat | office | high-rank officer/officials (those who hold office, Malay (pegawai)) |
pembangkang | opposition | rebel (noun), insurgent |
pemerintah | ruler | government |
pengacara | emcee, host Indonesian: pembawa acara | lawyer (but it has nothing to do with its root word acara which means an event or a TV program in both languages) |
pengajian | studies Indonesian: pelajaran | mass recitation of Qur'an, (Islamic) teaching |
penganjur | organizer | promoter |
percuma | free of charge percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete, replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from Dutch: gratis = free) | useless, not needed |
petang | afternoon | evening |
piawai | standard; correct bahasa piawai = standard language | expert; skillful (on something) |
pijat | bugs (software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs) | massage Javanese pijet |
pohon | tree, to plea or to beg (from basic word: 'mohon') | tree |
pokok | tree | essential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities |
polis | police | (insurance) policy (as in Dutch) |
polisi | policy | police (as in Dutch) |
punggung | buttock | back Malay: belakang |
pupuk | to nurture | fertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word) |
pusing | to go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate Indonesian: putar | dizzy, confused, headache |
putera | prince (Indonesian: Pangeran | son |
rambut | hair (for head only) | hair |
rayuan | appeal (neutral) | flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual connotation) |
saat | second | jiffy |
sarjana | Master's degree | Bachelor's degree |
sederhana | medium, normal | simple, easy |
senang | easy | happy, relax |
seronok | good, enjoyable | in nonstandard usage: 'impolite', 'pornography-related'[31][32]gambar seronok = porn picture |
sulit | confidential, difficult | difficult |
tambang | fare Indonesian: tarif | mine, rope (as tali tambang) |
tandas | toilet | to explain, to finish |
wakil | representative | vice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and 'vice president'), representative |
Same words, same meaning, but different spelling[edit]
English | Malay | Indonesian |
---|---|---|
bell | Loceng | Lonceng |
bridge | Jambatan | Jembatan |
broken, damaged | Rosak | Rusak |
business | Bisnes | Bisnis |
bus | Bas | Bus |
civil | Sivil | Sipil |
concert | konsert | konser |
different | Beza | Beda |
meaning | Erti | Arti |
namely, e.g. | Iaitu | Yaitu |
official (adj.) | Rasmi | Resmi |
official position | Jawatan | Jabatan |
prototype | prototaip | prototipe |
scheme | skim | skema |
sputum | Kahak | Dahak |
taxi | Teksi | Taksi |
thin | Nipis | Tipis |
truck, lorry | Trak | Truk |
Syllabification[edit]
Word | Malaysian syllabification | Indonesian syllabification |
---|---|---|
Starting | Mu la i | Mu lai |
Weather | Cua ca | Cu a ca |
The influence of English[edit]
One of the most important aspect in differences between Malaysian and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[33]
By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the 'trend towards Indo-Saxonization',[34] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. A great many borrowings from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance), eksis rather than ada (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion) kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination), opini rather than pendapat (opinion) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option). Contrary to its Indonesian counterpart, Malay has shown a remarkable resilience, despite formerly being part of British Empire.[35]
Some in Indonesia view this trend of excessive borrowings as 'language dynamism', while some Malaysian[clarification needed]linguists called it mass 'language pollution',[36] and lack of creativity in creating new terms.
Example[edit]
The original text in Indonesian:
- [37]Apabila peraturanpakta stabilitas Eropadihormati sampai kedetailnya, rasio utang publikdibandingproduk domestik brutopadaharikrisis akan berada diposisi10persentase poinkurang dalamzonaeuro, katanya.
The same text rendered in Malaysian:
- Apabila peraturanpakatan kestabilan Eropahdihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awamberbandingkeluaran dalam negara kasarpadazamankrisis akan berada dikedudukan 10 mata peratusankurang dalamzon euro, kata beliau.
English translation:
- If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debttogross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.
Convergence of vocabulary[edit]
The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malaysian; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[38] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Pusat Bahasa[39] on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart.
Sample[edit]
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Malay and Indonesian, along with the original declaration in English.
- Malay text sample:[40]
- Maka dengan ini,
- Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
- PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIAini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa mereka.
- Perkara 1.
- Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
- Perkara 1.
- Indonesian text sample:[41]
- Maka,
- Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
- PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIAsebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
- Pasal 1
- Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul sesama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
- Pasal 1
- The original English version of the text:[42]
- Now, therefore,
- the General Assembly proclaims
- this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
- Article 1
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- Article 1
References[edit]
- ^Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (7 March 2013). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN9781136755095.
- ^Clark, Marshall; Pietsch, Juliet (26 March 2014). Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Routledge. ISBN9781317808886.
- ^Ahmad, Ibrahim (2011). Kesenjangan leksikal bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN9789834605209.
- ^Hafriza Burhanudeen; Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohd Azlan Mis. 'The Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia'(PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^Teeuw, A. (17 April 2013). A Critical Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliographical. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401187886.
- ^Makihara, Miki; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (27 September 2007). Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190295936.
- ^Fairy Mahzan. 'The Wonderful World of Subtitling'. MyIndo.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^'Hore, MNCTV Tayangkan Film Terbaru Upin Ipin'. SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 February 2018.Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
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(help) - ^DiPiazza, Francesca (1 January 2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN9780822526742.
- ^M.H.;, Wahyudi, S. Kep , Ns; M.Pd, Bivit Anggoro Prasetyo Nugroho, S. Pd; M.Pd, Dra Isnaeni Praptanti. Bahasa Indonesia Kesehatan (in Indonesian). Penerbit Andi. ISBN9789792963014.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ^World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN9780761476436.
- ^Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. ISBN9780191533082.
- ^Bertacco, Simona (17 December 2013). Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures: Multilingual Contexts, Translational Texts. Routledge. ISBN9781135136390.
- ^Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again, Lim Kit Siang, 6 June 2007
- ^Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (1970). Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. University of California Press. ISBN9780520015906.
- ^Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei MalayArchived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Brunei Times, 4 August 2010
- ^Kaplan, R. B.; Jr, Richard B. Baldauf (14 March 2013). Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9789401701457.
- ^'malay regional language indonesia – Google Search'. google.co.id. Retrieved 14 February 2018.Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
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(help) - ^PELBBA 17: Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2004. ISBN9789794615270.
- ^Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan. Masyarakat Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
- ^Sebba, Mark (2007). Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World. Cambridge University Press.
- ^Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press.
- ^Genetti, Carol (23 January 2014). How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521767446.
- ^ abJones, Russell. Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN9786024331740.
- ^Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar, Kompas, 14 June 2013
- ^58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b, Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013
- ^Kluge, Angela (8 July 2016). A grammar of Papuan Malay. Language Science Press. ISBN9783944675862.
- ^Velupillai, Viveka (15 April 2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN9789027268846.
- ^Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110126686.
- ^Salleh (27 August 2015). Haji, Muhammad (ed.). Early History of Penang (Penerbit USM). Penerbit USM. ISBN9789838616577.
- ^Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
- ^Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
- ^Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN9780878401635.
- ^The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
- ^Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN978-9971691363.
- ^'Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia'(PDF). Berita Harian. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
- ^Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko 'Sistemik'
- ^Who is Malay?, July 2005
- ^due to several reorganization in current cabinet, the Indonesian Language Regulator is Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan BahasaArchived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Republik Indonesia
- ^'PERISYTIHARAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA SEJAGAT' [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Malay).
- ^'Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia' [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Indonesian).
- ^'Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English'. OHCHR.
External links[edit]
- The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
- The MALAY LANGUAGE in MALAYSIA and INDONESIA: from lingua franca to national language Asmah Haji Omar article in The Asianists' ASIA
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
- Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
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